The inflation genie is out of the bottle and is a multi-layered challenge for policymakers. Rising energy, food and wage costs are combining to raise inflation expectations, which if left unchecked could destabilize the global economy.
Our base case for emerging markets (EM) is built on the reality they entered this current downturn in better health than prior cycles. Corporate leverage is lower, financial sector and other reforms have been implemented, and most policymakers are pursuing orthodox monetary and fiscal policies to address challenges. Nonetheless, we acknowledge the range and probability of alternative scenarios has increased.
Earnings picture
In contrast to some other market observers expecting a contraction in EM earnings in 2023, at the start of this year we highlighted the likelihood of a recovery driven by India and China. China’s flexible policy response and India’s resilient gross domestic product outlook mean a recovery remains our base case.
China’s transition to a dynamic zero-COVID policy signals an easing of some, but not all, the risks associated with its management of the virus. Factories are reopening, port bottlenecks are easing, and there are signs that supply chain disruptions are diminishing. We expect China’s stance in managing the virus to remain in place through the 20th Party Congress in the fall, where China’s President Xi Jinping’s position is expected to be confirmed for a third term.
Inflation challenge
EM inflation, driven by rising energy, food and wage costs, has created challenges for policymakers. In the past, subsidies have been used to limit the squeeze on incomes from rising prices of necessities. In the current cycle, direct transfers are the preferred policy tool. The full effect of higher inflation will take time to filter through EMs, with significant consequences for lower-income households if left unchecked.
There are similarities between the rise in inflation in 2008 and today. Oil prices peaked at US $145 in July 2008, pushing transport and fertilizer prices higher, which combined with supply challenges to increase global food prices. This had a greater effect on EM relative to developed market (DM) inflation due to the higher weight of food in the EM inflation basket.
Rising oil prices are once again pushing up transport and fertilizer prices, and war is disrupting the supply of grain and oil seeds from Ukraine. Policymakers in Asia are responding with export bans in Malaysia, Indonesia and India, and there are discussions about the formation of a de-facto rice export cartel in Thailand and Vietnam.
Similar measures were ineffective in 2008 and are unlikely to work in 2022 (Indonesia has already rolled back its palm oil export ban). Grain stocks in storage are high, but the challenge is much of this is trapped in Ukraine. This puts the focus on policymakers to find a solution to prevent the global food- price shock to follow the energy-price shock.
New realities
EM central banks moved to raise interest rates ahead of their DM peers to address price pressures stemming from excess demand. The Brazilian central bank first raised the Selic target rate in March 2021. India, Poland and other EMs have followed suit with rate hikes. Chinese policymakers were also prudent in curbing excess demand early, creating room for policy easing to stimulate growth now.
Markets have recognized the new reality, as reflected in the unusually low level of volatility in EM currencies relative to DM, and EM equity market outperformance relative to DM in 2022.
EM equity market valuations have declined in line with a correction in global markets. New-economy sectors, including technology and communication services, have led the retreat. Conversely, traditional sectors, including financials and industrials, have witnessed relative outperformance.1
Investors’ flight to safety away from EMs toward the relative safety of US dollar-based assets is a phenomenon we have witnessed in prior cycles. Nevertheless, markets have recognized the new reality, as reflected in the unusually low level of volatility in EM currencies relative to DM, and EM equity market outperformance relative to DM in 2022.2
Portfolio actions
We have rebalanced our portfolios toward companies that we believe will benefit from rising inflation and higher interest rates. We are particularly focused on those markets that are better prepared in terms of policy flexibility as well as those with a plentiful supply of labor, which we believe are in a better position to manage a further inflation shock. The core pillars of our portfolios remain focused on new-economy secular themes, including demographics, digitalization and premiumization.
Emerging markets are facing a difficult period, but we continue to believe in their long-term growth potential. More effective monetary and fiscal policies as well as improving governance translates into an improved outlook for investors. In our view, these new realities mean as EMs exit this current downturn, they are better positioned to capture the upside to growth.
WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
All investments involve risks, including the possible loss of principal. The value of investments can go down as well as up, and investors may not get back the full amount invested. Investments in foreign securities involve special risks including currency fluctuations, economic instability and political developments. Investments in emerging markets, of which frontier markets are a subset, involve heightened risks related to the same factors, in addition to those associated with these markets’ smaller size, lesser liquidity and lack of established legal, political, business and social frameworks to support securities markets. Because these frameworks are typically even less developed in frontier markets, as well as various factors including the increased potential for extreme price volatility, illiquidity, trade barriers and exchange controls, the risks associated with emerging markets are magnified in frontier markets. To the extent a strategy focuses on particular countries, regions, industries, sectors or types of investment from time to time, it may be subject to greater risks of adverse developments in such areas of focus than a strategy that invests in a wider variety of countries, regions, industries, sectors or investments. China may be subject to considerable degrees of economic, political and social instability. Investments in securities of Chinese issuers involve risks that are specific to China, including certain legal, regulatory, political and economic risks.
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1. Sources: MSCI, Bloomberg. Performance period is February 17, 2021 – June 14, 2022. Past performance is not an indicator or a guarantee of future results.
2. Sources: MSCI, Bloomberg, As of June 17, 2022. Emerging markets represented by the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, which captures large- and mid-cap representation across 24 emerging-market countries. Developed markets represented by the MSCI World Index, which captures large- and mid-cap performance across 23 developed markets. Indexes are unmanaged and one cannot directly invest in them. They do not include fees, expenses or sales charges. Past performance is not an indicator or guarantee of future results. MSCI makes no warranties and shall have no liability with respect to any MSCI data reproduced herein. No further redistribution or use is permitted. This report is not prepared or endorsed by MSCI. Important data provider notices and terms available at www.franklintempletondatasources.com.
